Adaptation of The Lord of the Rings in War on Terror Era
Abstract
This paper looks at the success and popularity of Jackson’s adaptation of The Lord of the Rings in light of its context of reception. The Lord of the Rings had to wait for more than forty years since its first publication in 1954 only to enter Hollywood after the 9/11 attacks when a global War on Terror was declared with Bush’s famous statement “you’re either with us, or against us”. During the past few years there has been a growing tendency towards fantasy films mostly adapted from novels and other literary forms. Harry Potter, Twilight, Spiderman, The Hobbit and The Vampire Diaries are only some out of many examples. Knowing this, it is now a concern of scholars of Literature and Cinema alike to study the ins and outs of this newly formed trend. Using the theories of Adaptation hand in hand with media-cultural studies, this paper means to argue that The Lord of the Rings owes much of its fame and success to its context of reception. The film resonates with many contemporary concerns of the post 9/11 era such as the issue of ‘vulnerable boundaries’, ‘faceless “Other” terrorist’, ‘Good vs. Evil’, and the destructive force of war over power in general.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Asa Berger, A. (2000). Cultural criticism: A primer of key terms. UK, SAGE Publications Inc.
Birkenstein, J., Froula, A., & Randell, K. (2010). Reframing 9/11 film, popular culture and the war on terror. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc.
Bloom, H. (2008). Bloom’s modern critical interpretations: J.R.R. Tolkien’s the lord of the rings. New York: Infobase Publishing.
Braun, J. W. (2009). The lord of the films: The unofficial guide to Tolkien’s middle-earth on the big screen. Canada: ECW Press.
Broe, D. (2009). Film noir, American workers, and postwar Hollywood. Florida: University Press of Florida.
Cartmell, D. (2012). A companion to literature, film, and adaptation. UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Chossudovsky, M. (2005). America’s “war on terrorism”. Canada, Global Research, (CRG).
Clarke, R. A. (2004). Against all enemies inside America’s war on terror. New York: Free Press A Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.
Colin, C. (2015). The easternisation of the West: Or, how the west was lost. Asian Journal of Social Science, 38(5), 738-757.
Crockatt, R. (2007). After 9/11: Cultural dimensions of american global power. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Davis, J. A. (2004). The gathering biological warfare storm. USA, Greenwood Publishing Group.
Dixon, W. W. (2004). Film and television after 9⁄11. U.S.: Board of Trustees, Southern Illinois University.
During, S. (1999). The cultural studies reader. USA: Routledge.
Faludi, S. (2007). Terror dream fear and fantasy in post - 9/11 America. New York: Metropolitan Books Henry Holt and Company.
Ford, J. A., & Robin, A. R. (2009). Councils and Kings: Aragorn’s journey towards kingship in J.R.R. Tolkien’s the lord of the rings and Peter Jackson’s the lord of the rings. Tolkien Studies, 6, 71-90.
Grainge, P. (2009). The lord of the rings: Popular culture in global context: Review. Science Fiction Film and Television, 2(1), 134-137.
Grek Martin, J. (2010). Two roads to middle earth: Comparing the visualization of J. R. R. Tolkien’s the lord of the rings and Peter Jackson’s the lord of the rings cinematic trilogy. DJIM: Dalhousie Journal of Interdisciplinary Management, 5, 1-13.
Holloway, D. (2008). 9/11 and the war on terror. Edinburgh: Edinburg UP Ltd.
Hutcheon, L. (2006). A theory of adaptation. Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group.
Johnson, A. (2008). Global politics after 9/11 the democratiya interviews. London: Foreign Policy Centre & Democratiya.
Keeble, A. (2014). The 9/11 novel trauma, politics and identity. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc.
Kellner, D. (2010). Cinema wars Hollywood film and politics in the Bush-Cheney era. UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Kellner, D. (2003). From 9/11 to terror war the dangers of the bush legacy. U.S.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Kellner, D. (2006). The lord of the rings as allegory: A multiperspectivist reading. In Mathijs (Ed.), From Hobbits to Hollywood (pp.17-39). New York: Editions Rodopi.
Kellner, D. (2009). Media/cultural studies: Critical approaches. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc.
Kellner, D. (2008). Social memory and the representation of 9/11 in contemporary Hollywood film. SPIEL, 24, 349-362.
Kellner, D., & Meenakshi, G. D. (2006). Media and cultural studies. USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Kranz, D. L. (2007). Trying harder: Probability, objectivity, and rationality in adaptation studies. In M. W. James (Ed.), The literature/film reader: Issues of adaptation (pp.77-102). USA: Scarecrow Press.
Lee, S. D. (2014). A companion to J. R. R. Tolkien. UK: Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marciniak, M. (2007). The appeal of literature-to-film adaptations. Lingua ac Communitas, 17, 59-67.
Markert, J. (2011). Post-9/11 cinema: Through a lens darkly. UK: Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Mathjis, E. (2006). From Hobbits to Hollywood: Essays on Peter Jackson’s lord of the rings. New York: Editions Rodopi.
Mathjis, E. (2006). Lord of the rings: Popular culture in global context. UK: Colombia Uni., Wallflower Press.
Matthews, M. E. Jr. (2007). Hostile aliens, hollywood and today’s news. New York: Algora Publishing.
Miller, T., & Robert, S. (2004). A companion to film theory. USA: Blackwell Publishing.
Mogensen, K. (2008). Television journalism during terror attacks. Media, War & Conflict, 1(1), 31-49.
Monahan, B. A. (2010). The shock of the news media coverage and the making of 9/11. New York: New York UP.
Nacos, B. L. (2007). Post-9/11 terrorism threats, news coverage, and public perceptions in the United States. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 1(2), 105-126.
Pratkanis, A., & Elliott, A. (1991). Age of propaganda: Everyday use and abuse of persuasion. New York: W.H. Freeman, 1991.
Paxson, P. (2010). Mass communications and media studies. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd.
Pheasant-Kelly, F. (2013). Fantasy film post 9/11. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Pludowski, T. (2007). How the world’s news media reacted to 9/11: Essays from around the globe. Washington: Marquette Books LLC.
Presbey, G. M. (2007). Philosophical perspectives on the “war on terrorism”. New York: Editions Rodopi.
Prince, S. (2009). Firestorm: American film in the age of terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Prince, S. (1995). Visions of empire: Political imagery in contemporary American film. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
Rosebury, B. (2003). Tolkien: A cultural phenomenon. UK: Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
Sanders, J. (2006). Adaptation and appropriation. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Schaechter, M. (2009). Encyclopedia of microbiology. San Diego: Elsevier Inc.
Smith, F. L. (2014). American biodefense: How dangerous ideas about biological weapons shape national security. USA: Cornell University Press.
Stam, R., & Alessandra, R. (2006). A companion to literature and film. USA: Blackwell Publishing.
Stanton, M. N. (2001). Hobbits, Elves, and Wizards: Exploring the wonders and worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien’s the lord of the rings. New York, NY: PALGRAVETM.
Steuter, E., & Deborah, W. (2008). At war with metaphor: Media, propaganda, and racism in the war on terror. UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Stokes, J. (2003). How to do media & cultural studies. London: SAGE Publications.
Tolkien. (2005). The lord of the rings. London: HarperCollins Publishers.
Valdivia, A. N. (2003). A companion to media studies. USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/9561
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2017 Zahra Khalilian
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Online Submission: http://cscanada.org/index.php/sll/submission/wizard
Reminder
How to do online submission to another Journal?
If you have already registered in Journal A, then how can you submit another article to Journal B? It takes two steps to make it happen:
1. Register yourself in Journal B as an Author
Find the journal you want to submit to in CATEGORIES, click on “VIEW JOURNAL”, “Online Submissions”, “GO TO LOGIN” and “Edit My Profile”. Check “Author” on the “Edit Profile” page, then “Save”.
2. Submission
Go to “User Home”, and click on “Author” under the name of Journal B. You may start a New Submission by clicking on “CLICK HERE”.
We only use three mailboxes as follows to deal with issues about paper acceptance, payment and submission of electronic versions of our journals to databases: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Articles published in Studies in Literature and Language are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY).
STUDIES IN LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE Editorial Office
Address: 1055 Rue Lucien-L'Allier, Unit #772, Montreal, QC H3G 3C4, Canada.
Telephone: 1-514-558 6138
Website: Http://www.cscanada.net; Http://www.cscanada.org
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Copyright © 2010 Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture